The orphan Koktisala, his sisters, and his wifeL'orphelin Koktisala, ses sœurs et son épouseOur Historybefore1PL.EXCL?creationNOMspeechThey say there were three siblings.uhsisterbrotherthree.HUMbePA.3PLREPThey were three, and their parents diedthree.HUMbePA.3PLREP3PLmotherfatherdiePA.3PLTheir parents died, [corrects to dual] they died.3PLmotherfatherdiePA.3PLdiePA.3DUThey went around and begged the sweepings from hand-mills and they brought them home and raised their brother.uhmillmortarsweep.togetherCJthere[so-and-so]LOCbegCJ2bringCJ3DUbrothercare.forPA.3DUNOMREPThey raised him. "Hey, they've brought food!" said their brother and jumped and danced for joy.care.forPA.3DUNOMREPthat.oneTOPbringPA.3DUoh!sayCJmuchjumpACTdancedoACTrejoice.REFLACTNOM3DUbrotherIn his excitement he spilled the food.rejoice.REFLACTREPafterONOMupsetACTREPcookingTOPHe spilled the food.set.on.stove.PPTuhONOMupsetACTcookingThen in their anger — "We always beg and bring it to him.thatafterLOCxx3DUangerINSTthusthisalways1DU.INCLbeg1DU.INCL.SAafterbring1DU.INCL.SAWe beg for it and bring it and our little brother spills it on us,1DU.INCLbeg1DU.INCL.SAafterbring1DU.INCL.SAthis1DU.INCLy.siblingERGONOMupsetCONNgive3>1NS.INLet's kill him!" they said and made a plan.thiskill1DU.INCL.SAthere!sayCJideamakePA.3DUREPThey made their plan, but their brother heard.ideamakePA.3DUREPthat.oneTOP3y.siblingERGhearPA.3REPWhen he heard it, "Now my two elder sisters will kill me,3y.siblingERGhearPA.3REPafter3alsonow1SGe.siblingDUERG1SGkill23DU>1SG1SGsisterDUERGnow," he said, and he hid.nowsayCJ3selfTOPhide.REFLPA.3[He made an effigy with] its head of a gourd, its body of the bark of bamboo, and he covered it with cloth.gourdGEN3headuhbambooGEN3skinGEN3bodymakeEPENPA.3REPafterclothINSTcoverPA.3REPHe covered it with cloth, and he himself hid.clothINSTcoverPA.3REPafter3selfTOPhide.REFLPA.3REPHis two sisters made a plan to kill him in the evening.3sisterDUERGTOPeveningTOPkillINF[so-and-so]makePA.3DU([Aside:] The shaman -- that's the shaman's things.)shamanCONTthenthat.oneTOPshamanGENspeechCONTthat.oneTOPThen he stayed hidden. They trampled it [the effigy] crunch crunch!that.muchafterTOPhide.REFLCJ1bePA.3REPthenTOPONOMONOMtramplePA.3DUREP"There, his head is broken, his ribs are broken," they said.there!3headburstPA.33ribbreakPA.3sayPA.3DUREPThen — ([aside:] That's Sunkesari's stuff to take to the shaman's.]that.muchafterthat.oneTOPthatshamanplaceLOCtakeTOPS.GENspeechCONT"Well, we've killed our brother!" they said and they left.that.muchafterTOPkillPA.1DU.IN.Athere!1DU.INCLy.siblingsayCJ3DUwalkPA.3DUThey left, and he stayed hidden there and listened and peeked out.walkPA.3DUthat.oneTOPtherehideINFbePA.3hearPA.3peekmakeEPENPA.3He peeked out, and then his two sisters left like that.peekmakeEPENPA.3that.muchafter3sisterDUwalkPA.3DUthusINTENSThen he went to cast his fish-hookthat.oneERGTOPONOMput.ingoPA.3PTfish.hookhe went fishing.fish.hookgoPA.3Uh, what to call it, eh? — hook-GEN — drop (a hook) — what to call it? —uhwhatCONTsayINFheyfish.hookGENput.inxxwhatCONTsayINF[remembers the Bahing word:]HOOK! He went fishing.fish.hookfish.hookfish.hookgoPA.3REPHe went fishing with a hook, he went fishing with a net.goesfish.hookgoPA.3REPfish.netgoPA.3REPfish.hookgoPA.3REPEvery time he dropped the hook, the same Naga's daughter [in the guise of a stone] would come up. Again when he cast the net, the Naga's daughter came up.however.muchriverLOCthat.onefish.hookdrop3alsothat.onenagGEN3daughterINTENScome.upREPagainnetthrow3alsothat.onenagGEN3daughterINTENScome.upREP"What kind of junk is this?" he said and threw it back.thiswhatkind3junkCONTsayREPthrow.awayPA.3REPHe does it again, and it comes up again.againalso[so-and-so]makeEPEN.3SGthatINTENScome.upREPIt was no good. Later he said, "Well, I'll have to take it home as a spice-grinding stone," and he brought it home.be.PA.3SG.NEGlaterTOP3alsooh!EXCLchiligrindINFstonetakeINFmustheysayPA.3afterbringPA.3REPHe brought it, he put it in his creel.bringPA.3aftercreel-basketLOCkeepPA.3REPcreel-basketLOCcreel-basketLOCHe put it in.keepPA.3REPWhenever he goes out here and there, [when he comes back home] why, someone has cooked the meal.thereheretakePARTTOPjust.rightmealcookingmakeEPEN.3SGEVIDREPSomeone cooks food. "Hey, who's this seeing to my needs?" he says, and an old woman says, "It's me!"mealcookingmakeEPEN.3SGEVIDREPoh!EXCLwhoCONTPTthis.much1SGpainseeACTthissayaftersayPARTTOPoneold.womanERG1SGhey!1SGsayEVIDREP"Well, come, let's eat," he says and they eat.there!comeIMPeat1DU.INCL.SAsay3aftereat3DUEVIDREPThen a spy appeared.onespycome.outPA.3REPThe spy said, "This old woman isn't the one.onespyERGCONTthisold.womanTOPNEG2GENTOPTake the broom and and put it next to you, take the winnowing-basket and hide yourself, and peek out," he says. Then he [Koktisala] took the broom.there!broomtakeIMPafter2GENsideLOCkeepIMP>3SGwinnowing.baskettakeIMP>3SGaftershield.REFLIMPthat.muchafterpeekmakeIMP>3SGsay3sayPA.3afterbroomtakePA.3REPHe took the broom next to him, and hid himself with the winnowing-basket.broomtakePA.3REP3GENsideLOCwinnowing.basketINSTshield.REFLPA.3REPThen she came out clear as day!thenONOM.clearlycome.outPA.3REPhey!She came out, she came down. This is our old tradition.come.outPA.3REPcome.down.REFLPA.3REPbeforeGENowntraditionthisShe came out and looked for the broom, thinking to sweep the floor, and she found it — uh —come.outPA.3REPthat.muchafterbroomONOM.cleanlygroundsweep1SG>3sayCJbroomlook.forPA.3PARTTOPONOMfindPA.3REPoopsWhen she went to look for the broom, why, it was hidden by Koktisala.broomlook.forPURPgoPA.3PARTTOPthat.oneK.ERGhidePARTEVIDREPHe grabbed her.3alsoONOMseizeEPENPA.3REPHe caught her. "Don't touch me, don't touch me, don't touch me!ONOMseizeEPENPA.3REPthat.muchafterTOPNEGtouchIMP>1SGNEGtouchIMP>1SGNEGtouchIMP>1SG1SGYesterday when you threw me back, my ribs broke, when I landed, my something broke," she said. — "I'll make it well, I'll make it well,"yesterdaywhereCONTthrow.awayPA.1SO1SGribbreakPA.3whereCONTarrivePA.1SO1SGwhatCONTbreakPA.3saybe.goodCAUS1SG>31SGbe.goodCAUS1SG>3he said and he didn't let her go. He didn't let her go.sayCJthenNEGreleaseNEG.PARTREPNEGreleaseNEG.PARTREPThen the two of them stayed together, making their life together.that.muchafter3DUGENlivelovemakeCJbePA.3DUThey stayed together. Then she said, "Well, lets make a house," and she sent him to cut a post to build a house.makeCJbePA.3DUafterTOPnowthere!housemake1DU.INCL.SAsayPA.3afterhousemakeINFGENforpillarcutPURPsendPA.3REPWhen she sent him to cut a post, he brings one like this — one without a crotch —pillarcutPURPsendRELTOPthusINTENSdoACTCONTbring3REP3forkwithoutNOMThat thing yesterday [pauses to correct Nepali word] — what was that thing yesterday?thatyesterdayuhyesterdayNOMthat.onewhatREPA forktail.forktailbirdA forktail![Speaker switches to Nepali:] "Look at a forktail's tail [as a model] and cut it," she said.forktailbirdGENtaillook.CJcutsaid.3SG.EVIDREPThat forktail — ah! [Narrator realizes she has changed language.]thatforktailuhIn Rai language.RaispeechviaForktail —forktailuhxx[so-and-so]"Look at a forktail's tail and bring it!" she said.forktailGEN3taillookIMP>3SGafterbringIMP>3SGsayPA.3EVIDREPafterLooking at a forktail's tail, making a crutch,forktailGEN3taillookingPARTTOPforkmakeACTthen he brought it — he brought the post and they made a house.that.muchafterthat.onebringCJ2that.onepillarbringCJhousemakePA.3DUREPThey made the house — he dug a hole.housemakePA.3DUREPthat.muchafterTOPholedigEPENPA.3He dug a hole and then, forcefully — there was one daughter, one child of theirs.holedigEPENPA.3afterenergeticallyonedaughterbePA.3REP3DUbabyoneSaying "I'll plant it — I'll lift it and plant it," the child she was carrying here [indicating her hip] —energeticallyplantCJ2liftCJplant1SG>3sayPA.3PARTherecarry.PPTherecarryPARTNOMbabyAs he was lifting it — as both wife and husband were lifting it and placing it, that child unexpectedly went right down into the hole.3liftCJbothwifemaleERGliftCJinsertACTSOCthat.onebabyONOMenterPA.3ASPPA.3REPholedownThey let go of it.ONOMreleasePA.3DUREPThen they tried hard to pull out the pillar, but they couldn't.that.muchafterTOPmuchuprootINFuprootINFsayPA.3DUuprootCONNNEGbe.able3DUPART.NEGThat child went in, and then that post was firm.that.onebabyTOPenterPA.3thenTOPthat.onepillarTOPONOM.exactlybecomePA.3REPSo it happened, and still now we do that house-post ritual.becomePA.3REPafterthat.onepillarGENnowalsowailingmamake1PL.INCL1PL.EXCLWith a hen [as a sacrifice] we do the house-post ritual called "wailingma".wailingmasayPARTonehenINSTwailingmamakeCONT1PL.EXCLthat.onepillarGENThen they made a house, they stayed,uhthat.muchafterhousemakePA.3DUbePA.3DUshe sent her husband to hunt a dove,doveGEN3old.mandovekillPURPsendPA.3she sent him to kill a dove, and he killed it and brought it back.dovekillPURPsendPA.3afterthat.oneERGdovekillPA.3bringPA.3Then they cut open its crop and took out the seeds.then3gizzardopenCJopenCJ2seedssayPARTthat.oneseedextractPA.3DUWhen they took them out [it was] maize, millet, and paddy.extractPA.3DUaftermaizeeleusinepaddyAs for buckwheat, it's a forest crop.buckwheatTOPforestcropREPbuckwheatTOPThen that maize, millet and paddy — they took it out from the dove's crop, made a burned-over clearing and sowed it.that.muchafterthat.onemaizeeleusinepaddythat.onedoveGEN3gizzardfromextractPA.3DUafterburned.landmakeCJsowPA.3DUREPThey sowed it.sowPA.3DUREPuhsowPA.3DUThen, oh!, in the clearing it must have really grown thick!that.muchafterTOPwhereit.iswhereburned.landLOCCONTthis.muchthis.muchbristlePA.3must.bePTNow… ([Aside:] Don't talk, OK! I'll do it!)nowspeechNEGmakeIMP>3SGhey!PA.31SGmake1SGIt [the crop] was really good.very.muchbe.goodPA.3Since the crop was good, "What should we keep it in?"very.muchbe.goodPA.3be.goodPA.3afterTOPnow1DU.INCLcropwhatLOCkeepINFthey said, and it turned out that their crop couldn't be contained in anything.sayPA.3DUafter3DUcropwhatLOCNEGbe.containedACTwhatLOCNEGbe.containedACTbecomePA.3Then they said, "Now we'll do ancestor worship!"that.muchafterthere!nowancestor.worshipmake1DU.INCL.SAsayPA.3DUWhen they made a ceremony… that… [Returning to the sisters:] Their two sisters, Jawa and Khluwa —ancestor.worshipmakePA.3DUPARTthat.one3DUsistertwoJawaSOCKhluwaSOCThere were the two sisters, Jawa and Khluwa.twoJawaSOCKhluwaSOCbeACT3DUsisterThose two, after they killed their brother, that.oneDU3DUbrotherkillPA.3DUafterone [said], "You fly there first!" and the other [said] "You fly there first," — they said to each other.oneERGPTfirst2xxflyIMPoneERGPT2firstflyIMPmakePA.3DUThey had planted flowers, the two sisters.flowerplantPA.3DUNOMbeo.sistery.sisterERGflowerNow if you die, this flower will die, if I die, this one will die.now2die2ifthisflowerdie1SGdie1ifthisflowerdieSaying, "There! this flower is for so-and-so," they planted the flowers.there!hey!thisflower[so-and-so]GENforsayCJflowerplantkeepPA.3DUThen they flew off. They flew off — uh — who says they flew off?!that.muchafterflyPA.3DUflyPA.3DUuhwherefly3DUThey carried on, the older… the younger sister saying, "You fly!", and her older sister saying, "You fly first!"3o.sisterERGbeACT3y.siblingERGsayACT2flyIMPsayACT3e.siblingERGsayACT2firstflyIMPmakePA.3DUThe younger said to the elder, "Fly!"3y.siblingERG3e.siblingINTENSflyIMPsayPA.3Out of anger, she [the elder] flew off.3angerINSTflyPA.3She pronounced a curse [on her younger sister].cursemakeEPENPA.3She cursed her and after that she flew off.cursemakeEPENPA.3that.muchafterTOP3TOPflyPA.3She flew off. There was a demon called Karse in that place.flyPA.3oneKarsesayPARTdemonbePA.3REPthereLOCThe demon Karse ate her — the younger sister.KarsedemonERGeatEPENPA.3REP3y.siblingTOPHe ate her, and the elder sister wandered about who knows where and came home.ACTeatPA.3REP3e.siblingTOPwhereiswhereturnPA.3turnPA.3aftercomePA.3REPWhen she came home, her younger sister's flower was dead.comePARTTOP3y.siblingGEN3flowerTOPdieACTfinishACTCONTREP[to the ogre:] "Hey, my younger sister — brother-in-law, you must know — where has my younger sister gone?oh!1SGy.sibling2brother-in-law2knowledgegetINFmusthereLOC1SGy.siblingwheregoPA.3say3EVIDREPI don't know," he said.1SGknowledgeNEGget1SGsayPA.3EVIDREP"You must know," she said.2knowledgegetINFINTENSmustsayPA.3REP"She teased me and I ate her," he said.teasingdo.APPLPA.1SOeat.APPLPA.1SG>3sayPA.3REP"She teased me and I ate her," he said. — "Well, where are her bones?"teasedo.APPLPA.1SOeat.APPLPA.1SG>3sayPA.3REPafterthere!3boneswherebeshe asked him. "They're in such and such a place."sayPA.3afterquestionmakeEPENPA.3REPTOPa.certainplaceLOCbe3bonesTOP[Translates:] He'd kept the bones piled up.thatbonePLpile.upkeep.PPTThen she put them in oil.afterTOP3alsoGuizotiaoilSOCNiger-seedoilLOCoilLOCinsertPA.3REPShe put her sister's bones in.insertPA.3NOM3bonesShe put it all in and did some things to it and it became a whole person again.insertPA.3afterTOPwhatwhatdo.APPLPA.3whatwhatmakePA.3REPwholepersonbecomePA.3"Eh, why, I really slept," she said.oh!1SGTOPvery.muchsleepneedPA.1SOEVIDoh!sayPA.3REP"Mmm, you fell asleep.yessleepneed2When I told you to fly, you didn't fly.2flyIMPsayPA.1SG>2PARTNEGfly2PART.NEG[?"A proverb cautioning against sullen disobedience."]curseINSTtwistgo1NS.INCL??flyINSTflygo1NS.INCLYou didn't fly.2NEGfly2PART.NEGYou slept a lot," she told her.sleepPA.2PT2very.muchsayPA.3EVIDREPThen they were together, those two lived together.that.muchafterTOPbePA.3DUthusINTENSthat.one3DU3DUlifexxmakePA.3DUWell! somehow they both got pregnant!look!whatGENbellycarryPA.3DUthat.oneDUERGTheir brother — wherever he was — he performed ancestor-worship.3DUbrotherERGTOPwhereiswhereismakeEPEN.PA3ancestor.worshipmakeEPEN.PA3Tsampiyungma — Koktisala's wife's name was Tsampiyungma.uhT.K.3wifeGEN3nameT.Tsampiyungma said, "Well, where are your sisters?T.ERGthere!2sisterDUwherebe3DUNow we need your sisters, when we do ancestor worship," they said.now2sisterDUbe.neededbecomethisancestor.worshipmake1PL.INCLPARTCOMPsayPA.3DUThen Tsampiyungma first sent lice, to invite them.that.muchafterT.ERGfirstlousesendPA.3PLREPinvitationLOCShe sent lice — this is a story of the golden age! — when did a louse ever invite anyone?!lousesendPA.3PLREPthisstorygolden.ageLOCNOMlouseERGwheninvitationmakeEPENPA.3Then — mm-hm, it got lost. They sent a flea.thennope!losePA.3fleasendPA.3PLREPThe flea went in, and sneaked into the pig pen.fleaagainenterPA.3pigcagesneak.inPA.3Mmm. A billy goat went but it only bleated — it didn't get the word out.yesramgoPA.3cryPA.3onlytruthNEGput.out3PART.NEGBut a cock got the message out.cockERGCONTput.outPA.3REPtruthTOP"Cockadoodle! Koktisala! The ancestor worship is ready," he said — the cock got the message out.cockadoodleK.ancestor.worshipbloomPA.3say.CJsayCJ2cockERGtruthput.outPA.3REPyes"Our younger brother, our brother who died years ago — whose ill-omened thing is this, calling our brother's name," they said and chased it away.last.year2.years.agoINTENSdieACT1DUy.sibling1DUbrotherthiswhoGEN3[?nonsense]PTthis1DUbrotherGEN3namemakeACTsayCJINTENSchaseEPEN3DUREPThey chase it and it drops one of its feathers.chaseEPEN3DUREPone3featherdrop3REPThey pick up the feather.that.onefeatherpick.up3DUREPThen again they chased it with stones and sticks, they went on chasing it.againchaseCJINTENStake3DUREPthussayREPstonewoodmakeCJINTENSchaseCJINTENSgoPA.3DUAgain it dropped a feather for them.againonefeatherdropCONNgiveEPEN.3SG3DUREPThey kept on, picking it up.thenpick.upCJINTENSgoPA.3DUGoing on, they arrived at the place of the brother they had killed.go3DUPARTTOPthat.onekillPARTbrotherplaceLOCarrivePA.3DUREPThey arrived and they recognized him.arrivePA.3DUrecognizePA.3DUWhirr! they flew away after that.ONOMflyPA.3DUREPthat.muchafterTOPThey flew away from shame, see! — [translates:] from shame — they flew away.ONOMflyPA.3DUREP3DUshameINSThey!shameINSTONOMflyPA.3DUREPEh — when Tsampiyungma looked, they were both pregnant, those two!oh!lookPA.3PARTTOPthat.oneT.ERGlookPA.3PARTTOPtwobodyGENDUREPthat.oneDUTOP"Why, now your two sisters are pregnant!"there!nowthis2sisterDUTOPtwobodyGENEVIDWe have to put out sour-berry [craved by pregnant women].bakiamloCONTput.outINFmustThen they'll come here,"that.muchafterCONTcome3DUhereLOCTOPthey said and put out bitter-berry and sour-berry to dry.sayCJbitterbakiamloput.outPA.3DUREPhey!drying.grainThey put out bitter-berry and sour-berry like drying grain for them.bitterdrying.grainbakiamlodrying.grainmakeCJ2put.outPA.3DUREPWhen they put them out, they came.put.outPA.3DUPARTTOPcomePA.3DUREPThey came and each one left four cooking pots.comePA.3DUREPafterfour.eachpiecescookpotdropkeepPA.3DUREPThey didn't eat the drying seed.that.onedrying.seedNEGeat3DUPART.NEGEach one dropped off four pots.four.eachpiecescookpotdropkeepPA.3DUREPThey left them off and flew away.dropkeepPA.3DUREPafterflyPA.3DUREPThey flew off, whoosh, and even nowadays our custom is like that, four pots.flyPA.3DUREPsooothatINTENS1PL.EXCLnowadaysINTENSfourpiecescookpotEven today it's the same.nowalsothatINTENSbeThey flew off, they danced,afterflyPA.3DU3DUERGdancemakePA.3DUWhat you've learned and heard — in our tradition — its just that.nowknowPARThearPARTthatINTENS1SGGENthistraditionLOConlythatINTENScomeOur tradition is only that.ourtraditiononlythatINTENScome[Explains in Nepali] Now the day after tommorrow, they'll do it here you know.nowin.two.daysthatdo.3PLPTheretooyesThat's all there is to our tradition.onlythat1SGGENtraditionLOCthat.INTENScomes