@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19177, author = {Rishi Ram Burlakoti and Stephen M Neate and Tika Bahadur Adhikari and Sanjaya Gyawali and Bacilio Salas and Brian J. Steffenson and Paul B Schwarz}, title = {Trichothecene Profiling and Population Genetic Analysis of Gibberella zeae from Barley in North Dakota and Minnesota.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Biology, Fusarium graminearum, Hordeum vulgare L., population genetics}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-04-10-0101}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {687--695}, abstract = {Gibberella zeae, the principal cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley contaminates grains with several mycotoxins, which creates a serious problem for the malting barley industry in the US, China and Europe. However, limited studies have been conducted on the trichothecene profiles and population genetic structure of G. zeae isolates collected from barley in the United States. Trichothecene biosynthesis gene (TRI)-based PCR assays, and 10 variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and compare the trichothecene profiles of an older population (n = 115 isolates) of G. zeae collected from 1997 to 2000 with a newer population (n = 147 isolates) collected in 2008. Samples were from across the major barley growing regions in North Dakota and Minnesota. The results of TRI?-based PCR assays were further validated using a subset of 32 and 28 isolates of G. zeae by sequence analysis and gas chromatography, respectively. TRI-based PCR assays revealed that all the G. zeae isolates in both populations had markers for DON and the frequencies of isolates with a 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) marker in the newer population were approximately 11-fold higher than those among isolates in the older population. Gibberella zeae populations from barley in the Midwest, USA showed no spatial structure and all the isolates were solidly in clade 7 of G. zeae, which is quite different than other barley growing areas of world where multiple species of G. zeae are commonly found in close proximity, and display spatial structure. VNTR analysis showed high gene diversity (H = 0.82 to 0.83) and genotypic diversity, but low linkage disequilibrium (LD = 0.02 to 0.07) in both populations. Low genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.013) and high gene flow (Nm = 36.84) was observed between the two populations and among subpopulations within the same population (Nm = 12.77 to 29.97), suggesting that temporal and spatial variations had little influence on population differentiation in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Similarly, low Fst (0.02) was observed between 3-ADON and 15-ADON populations, indicating minor influence of chemotype of G. zeae isolates on population subdivision, although there was a rapid increase in the frequencies of isolates with the 3-ADON marker in the Upper Midwest of the United States between the older collection made between 1997 and 2000, and the newer collection made in 2008. This study provides information to barley breeding programs for their selection of isolates of G. zeae for evaluating barley genotypes for resistance to FHB and DON accumulation.} }

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